tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16399816712035065552024-02-20T13:14:58.970-08:00GRAFICASleticia marinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08096377509886845771noreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639981671203506555.post-37570968369176045552010-10-18T09:59:00.000-07:002010-10-18T09:59:20.945-07:00TIPOS DE GRAFICAS<div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: center;">TIPOS DE GRAFICAS CON SUS EJEMPLOS</div><div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><strong>Histograma</strong></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Está compuesto rectángulos, cuyo número coincide con la cantidad de intervalos considerados, el ancho de la base de cada uno de esos rectángulos es la misma siempre y coincide con las fronteras de los intervalos, y la altura corresponde a la frecuencia de cada intervalo.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijthk_EVAuJUvROL5zNiSYQ0hz5PwNPtNzWTiIKixwd3Qc5Evul5xyKsloZ5OS0NmUbP4bj6ze9zwy4exLpLcMVLau8vkvbo-9XVHJa2PpcNXJOKtzM0qFlnH4B9pd6MX6i1RxrPIwyp0/s1600/IMAGEN1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ex="true" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijthk_EVAuJUvROL5zNiSYQ0hz5PwNPtNzWTiIKixwd3Qc5Evul5xyKsloZ5OS0NmUbP4bj6ze9zwy4exLpLcMVLau8vkvbo-9XVHJa2PpcNXJOKtzM0qFlnH4B9pd6MX6i1RxrPIwyp0/s320/IMAGEN1.gif" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: left;">L<span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">a <a href="" name="g_cols"></a><b>gráfica de columnas</b>. Para este tipo de gráfica, elaboradas con rectángulos también, se pide que sus bases sean del mismo ancho y sus alturas equivalentes con las frecuencias. </span></div><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjduYeMKKNJ0U7azlY8zwYrBMSZA3ARSDGzzWWrdM2Hiu7Gb0Osq4bVkC6ltCsFpyQiuz1VKLMlWFl4iMZ30IHTPA1Zig7phy6tqP0auaDv3Wp8d-eLHhAr8011tfIexoVhEP2983nj_Ps/s1600/IMAGEN2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ex="true" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjduYeMKKNJ0U7azlY8zwYrBMSZA3ARSDGzzWWrdM2Hiu7Gb0Osq4bVkC6ltCsFpyQiuz1VKLMlWFl4iMZ30IHTPA1Zig7phy6tqP0auaDv3Wp8d-eLHhAr8011tfIexoVhEP2983nj_Ps/s320/IMAGEN2.gif" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> Un ejemplo es el siguiente:</span>donde se representa el porcentaje del PIB gastado en docencia e investigación por cinco países en el lapso de 1988 a 1999 </div><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Gráficas de barras horizontales</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">, los cuales se parecen mucho a las <a href="" name="#g_cols">gráficas de columnas</a>, con la salvedad importante de que la función de los ejes se intercambian y el eje horizontal queda destinado a las frecuencias y el eje vertical a las clases.</span></div><div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje6MpnYeWVKi14pyBJxTDKJkesXETwXkeSlwlrmqQGcRGnjxI3IJEPdJXjrH_mxtRKEImVz0z78xGK0UVr3TWXe2TZWQhB0-Mn42Jmhlg0JAXzc-qbFy7FOSxmH3HUSEaaD4ZTL5AoDkE/s1600/IMAG4.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ex="true" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje6MpnYeWVKi14pyBJxTDKJkesXETwXkeSlwlrmqQGcRGnjxI3IJEPdJXjrH_mxtRKEImVz0z78xGK0UVr3TWXe2TZWQhB0-Mn42Jmhlg0JAXzc-qbFy7FOSxmH3HUSEaaD4ZTL5AoDkE/s320/IMAG4.gif" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">(fuente: Revista "Ciencia y Desarrollo", 1994, XIX(114):12)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">.</span></span><div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">LLama <a href="" name="piramide_edad"></a><b>pirámide de edades</b> por su forma. Incluso, cuando se compara la población masculina y femenina por estratos de edades.</span></div><div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Cuando los datos se relacionan entre sí, es decir, cuando podemos decir que existe cierta continuidad entre las observaciones (como por ejemplo el crecimiento poblacional, la evolución del peso o estatura de una persona a través del tiempo, el desempeño académico de un estudiante a lo largo de su instrucción escolar, las variaciones presentadas en la medición realizada en algún experimento cada segundo o minuto) se pueden utilizar las <a href="" name="g_lineas"></a><b>gráficas de líneas.</b></span></span></span></div><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Este ejemplo muestra el comportamiento del peso corporal (en kilogramos) de dos individuos a lo largo de cinco observaciones anuales. Al igual que en el caso de las </span><a href="http://www.uaq.mx/matematicas/estadisticas/xu3.html#g_cols"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">gráficas de columnas</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> (y de otras más) es posible presentar varias series de observaciones (en este caso cada serie de observaciones son los pesos de un individuo). </span></div></span></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjITfP1ygb-8mL9zhpzAcwjVTWSKMZ_n4FrWBEtjN-jCpEpCUUu6GbA9vkMy8FrY5ZjC8Tab7OXqhZ1sSvpDPBY8d4OUl_xA-5ptX37omP52KhMVz3gq5ES1n3CdWK2mJRaja2q-rNZoRI/s1600/IMAG5.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ex="true" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjITfP1ygb-8mL9zhpzAcwjVTWSKMZ_n4FrWBEtjN-jCpEpCUUu6GbA9vkMy8FrY5ZjC8Tab7OXqhZ1sSvpDPBY8d4OUl_xA-5ptX37omP52KhMVz3gq5ES1n3CdWK2mJRaja2q-rNZoRI/s320/IMAG5.gif" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Otra forma de representación de un uso menos común, y muy parecida a las </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://www.uaq.mx/matematicas/estadisticas/xu3.html#g_lineas"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">gráficas de líneas</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">, es el <a href="" name="poligono_frec"></a><b>polígono de frecuencias</b>. </span></div><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">El siguiente ejemplo corresponde al porcentaje del PIB gastado en docencia e investigación durante el año de 1990 en cinco países </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">(fuente: Revista "Ciencia y Desarrollo", 1994, XIX(114):12)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">:</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgukn6BC6FVaJACFrxJkLEZo8Sddj2C4dlg5KHsUFaazdKT_cbFcLWrzemawYmuZPjS0ChY0m-Zgae8axfJYE5pMnnq5iiePsbaS3_wvFy0buyKHpGQHcPuUZXpv7fkEJCHnXrcxqrNFhQ/s1600/IMAG6.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ex="true" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgukn6BC6FVaJACFrxJkLEZo8Sddj2C4dlg5KHsUFaazdKT_cbFcLWrzemawYmuZPjS0ChY0m-Zgae8axfJYE5pMnnq5iiePsbaS3_wvFy0buyKHpGQHcPuUZXpv7fkEJCHnXrcxqrNFhQ/s320/IMAG6.gif" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Una gráfica similar al </span><a href="http://www.uaq.mx/matematicas/estadisticas/xu3.html#poligono_frec"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">polígono de frecuencias</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> es la <a href="" name="ojiva"></a><b>ojiva</b>, pero ésta se obtiene de aplicar parcialmente la misma técnica a una </span><a href="http://www.uaq.mx/matematicas/estadisticas/xu3.html#dist_acum"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">distribución acumulativa</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> y de igual manera que éstas, existen las <a href="" name="ojiva_mayor"></a><b>ojivas mayor que</b> y las <a href="" name="ojiva_menor"></a><b>ojivas menor que</b>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Existen dos diferencias fundamentales entre las ojivas y los polígonos de frecuencias (y por ésto la aplicación de la técnica es parcial):</span></div><ol type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Un extremo de la ojiva no se "amarra" al eje horizontal, para la <i>ojiva mayor que</i> sucede con el extremo izquierdo; para la <i>ojiva menor que</i>, con el derecho. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">En el eje horizontal en lugar de colocar las marcas de clase se colocan las fronteras de clase. Para el caso de la <i>ojiva mayor que</i> es la frontera menor; para la <i>ojiva menor que</i>, la mayor. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">ejemplos de ojivas, a la izquierda la <i>mayor que</i>, a la derecha la <i>menor que</i>, utilizando los datos que se usaron para ejemplificar el histograma:</span></span></li>
</ol></span></span><div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibHAZ24OORzCA5phU6690Om7F0CBh2CrbTkV33L5fyEhbTIBEjgUB0OlgkDaCyNu-_FCOAlQYsw6fN_c34Jskvlhww82zifd9YJMWHVA5Ayiow9mFZCnZMXlDi9voMoQvdAglJyMuC82g/s1600/IMAGEN7.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ex="true" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibHAZ24OORzCA5phU6690Om7F0CBh2CrbTkV33L5fyEhbTIBEjgUB0OlgkDaCyNu-_FCOAlQYsw6fN_c34Jskvlhww82zifd9YJMWHVA5Ayiow9mFZCnZMXlDi9voMoQvdAglJyMuC82g/s320/IMAGEN7.gif" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">El ejemplo que se presenta es la comparación del total de las especies de las familias del orden <i>Carnivora</i> y las que están amenazadas, en México, (</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">fuente: Revista "Ciencia y Desarrollo", 1994, XIX(114):58</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">):</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc8Ibd3cmxshk0x2XRS9gncrF8s5R9TmZOV1j4ixefy5mO5_S63TzKovdNR7_Cq1FhzPwT7nAyyXCowhZf3gncYlIlzOc2l_PJF8aStHFnDwTCaIdXvd5InO7bFx99ElPSn5G5czZLkMM/s1600/IMAG8.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ex="true" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc8Ibd3cmxshk0x2XRS9gncrF8s5R9TmZOV1j4ixefy5mO5_S63TzKovdNR7_Cq1FhzPwT7nAyyXCowhZf3gncYlIlzOc2l_PJF8aStHFnDwTCaIdXvd5InO7bFx99ElPSn5G5czZLkMM/s320/IMAG8.gif" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Cuando lo que se desea es resaltar las proporciones que representan <span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">conviene utilizar una gráfica llamada <a href="" name="g_pastel"></a><b>de pastel</b> o <a href="" name="g_circular"></a><b>circular</b>.</span></span></span></div><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Por ejemplo, para ilustrar la matrícula en licenciatura (en México) por áreas de conocimiento en el año de 1992 se puede usar algo así como sigue (</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Fuente: ANUIES,1995</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">):</span></div></span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigiUYLoegEYs85zwsQ2JpkBcA8rEqibeXfE84D0ZtnYF4pm4Rv1Xw49aWDYa6MVEMp9cxZEG2qfDtC3QfXJHQ8_5JhKPZzTQhR6tAac846jfHHRln-RbbSL0rqgvNuTos3aYAQ9pWuySA/s1600/IMAG9.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ex="true" height="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigiUYLoegEYs85zwsQ2JpkBcA8rEqibeXfE84D0ZtnYF4pm4Rv1Xw49aWDYa6MVEMp9cxZEG2qfDtC3QfXJHQ8_5JhKPZzTQhR6tAac846jfHHRln-RbbSL0rqgvNuTos3aYAQ9pWuySA/s320/IMAG9.gif" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">. Regularmente se utilizan dibujos para representar dicha información, y el tamaño o el número de estos dibujos dentro de una gráfica queda determinado por la frecuencia correspondiente. A este tipo de gráfica se le llama <a href="" name="pictograma"></a><b>pictograma</b> y éstos son dos ejemplos:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">El de la izquierda representa la población de los Estados Unidos (cada hombrecillo representa a dos millones de habitantes), el de la derecha representa la masa de tres planetas de nuestro sistema solar tomando como unidad a la masa de la Tierra.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMMA8cua82ijjhs11WJIqh7dVOcEQMTb9pbeB1hc-aqY0HDChuHuUndIrVDMJuxTy5uOZZZbqiZOBQywtByfePfeK6c9-z4ZeBGrBI9i1NHnl0eaAN46Y-qDD8DKDvJVI7SbkY0GEgquk/s1600/IMAG11.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ex="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMMA8cua82ijjhs11WJIqh7dVOcEQMTb9pbeB1hc-aqY0HDChuHuUndIrVDMJuxTy5uOZZZbqiZOBQywtByfePfeK6c9-z4ZeBGrBI9i1NHnl0eaAN46Y-qDD8DKDvJVI7SbkY0GEgquk/s1600/IMAG11.gif" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ7oinO5_z94Z1aRv_TKNredLcHWCX5I8udk_ofcs8VASAw3XD6FE_vkVE06lXlWAYw180VJHcg_teADkE86ibznhZz1rnUqjwm2_DNKGxa2VK0HqK8SIm76oJTOUWVlGp6hkvvgv5Ods/s1600/IMAG10.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ex="true" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ7oinO5_z94Z1aRv_TKNredLcHWCX5I8udk_ofcs8VASAw3XD6FE_vkVE06lXlWAYw180VJHcg_teADkE86ibznhZz1rnUqjwm2_DNKGxa2VK0HqK8SIm76oJTOUWVlGp6hkvvgv5Ods/s320/IMAG10.gif" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Cuando se pretende ilustrar la </span><a href="http://www.uaq.mx/matematicas/estadisticas/xu7.html#dispersion"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">dispersión</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> de las observaciones realizadas, y así trabajar algunas cosas como </span><a href="http://www.uaq.mx/matematicas/estadisticas/xu7.html#correlacion"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">correlaciones</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"> se puede utilizar una <a href="" name="g_dispersion"></a><b>gráfica de dispersión</b>. Por ejemplo, es la dispersión que se presenta al comparar el número de tesis doctorales en ciencias exactas contra el número de total de tesis doctorales (todo en México) en observaciones anuales entre 1984 y 1990 (</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">fuente: Revista "Ciencia y Desarrollo", 1994, XIX(114):12</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">):</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAt70-cqBg6qE75KNa-5RDkTfzeSkXbD6EJLIDqimspm7Ejgra776PELLjquxqbcDP7ykJMYXsH0ILLq2nWYvT8fVUgRFssU7WZrAq4YQW9xRcA0-1lVwkw86fQxEGashhSqWzY7N8fTc/s1600/IMAG12.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ex="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAt70-cqBg6qE75KNa-5RDkTfzeSkXbD6EJLIDqimspm7Ejgra776PELLjquxqbcDP7ykJMYXsH0ILLq2nWYvT8fVUgRFssU7WZrAq4YQW9xRcA0-1lVwkw86fQxEGashhSqWzY7N8fTc/s1600/IMAG12.gif" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Las <a href="" name="g_burbujas"></a><b>gráficas de burbujas</b>, en las cuales se presenta la dispersión de las observaciones de la misma forma que aquéllas, pero se le añade la posibilidad de visualizar otra variable representada en el tamaño del punto, pues éstos se convierten en círculos.</span></div><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;">Este ejemplo compara la distancia que existe en cada uno de los planetas interiores de nuestro sistema solar al Sol contra el tiempo que necesitan para recorrer sus órbitas, y el tamaño de las burbujas indica la masa de cada planeta.</span></div></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGj7D6KCy9NNaKQPVJQAD9VMcC2iPTD8rnqlwm2Cd8d1ukAYjD52azDoB56n3YsXxakygJ70dfX7nYaQ_s0ACkKxCaNztQ45LEDlN_eFVhb9-s5xHE8bUmodZUIZvTB5i_XU22Zp6gM7o/s1600/IMAG13.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ex="true" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGj7D6KCy9NNaKQPVJQAD9VMcC2iPTD8rnqlwm2Cd8d1ukAYjD52azDoB56n3YsXxakygJ70dfX7nYaQ_s0ACkKxCaNztQ45LEDlN_eFVhb9-s5xHE8bUmodZUIZvTB5i_XU22Zp6gM7o/s320/IMAG13.gif" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"></div></span></span></span></span>leticia marinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08096377509886845771noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639981671203506555.post-16280673603418734652010-10-15T18:04:00.001-07:002010-10-15T19:04:59.453-07:00GRAFICASleticia marinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08096377509886845771noreply@blogger.com0